Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. This section needs additional citations for verification. Pronunciation is given in the International Phonetic Alphabet: ĭetails Middle English vowel system The changes after 1700 are not considered part of the Great Vowel Shift. ![]() The Great Vowel Shift occurred in the lower half of the table, between 14–1700. This timeline uses representative words to show the main vowel changes between late Middle English in the year 1400 and Received Pronunciation in the mid-20th century. Still, the spelling was changed accordingly (e.g., Middle High German bīzen → modern German beißen "to bite"). German had undergone vowel changes quite similar to the Great Shift slightly earlier. The differing pronunciations of English vowel letters do not stem from the Great Shift as such but rather because English spelling did not adapt to the changes. Long vowels in Middle English had " continental" values, much like those in Italian and Standard German in standard Modern English, they have entirely different pronunciations. The main difference between the pronunciation of Middle English in the year 1400 and Modern English ( Received Pronunciation) is in the value of the long vowels. War with France: An opposing theory states that the wars with France and general anti-French sentiments caused hypercorrection deliberately to make English sound less like French.Middle-class hypercorrection: Yet others assert that because of the increasing prestige of French pronunciations among the middle classes (perhaps related to the English aristocracy's switching from French to English around this time), a process of hypercorrection may have started a shift that unintentionally resulted in vowel pronunciations that are inaccurate imitations of French pronunciations.French loan words: Others argue that the influx of French loanwords was a major factor in the shift. ![]() Population migration: This is the most accepted theory some scholars have argued that the rapid migration of peoples to the southeast of England from the east and central Midlands of England following the Black Death produced a clash of dialects that made Londoners distinguish their speech from the immigrants who came from other English cities by changing their vowel system.The greatest changes occurred during the 15th and 16th centuries, and their origins are at least partly phonetic. The causes of the Great Vowel Shift are unknown : 68 and have been a source of intense scholarly debate as yet, there is no firm consensus. The Great Vowel Shift was first studied by Otto Jespersen (1860–1943), a Danish linguist and Anglicist, who coined the term. The standardization of English spelling began in the 15th and 16th centuries the Great Vowel Shift is the major reason English spellings now often deviate considerably from how they represent pronunciations. Some consonant sounds also changed, particularly those that became silent the term Great Vowel Shift is sometimes used to include these consonantal changes. Through this vowel shift, the pronunciation of all Middle English long vowels was changed. The Great Vowel Shift was a series of changes in the pronunciation of the English language that took place primarily between 14, beginning in southern England and today having influenced effectively all dialects of English. Diagram of the changes in English vowels during the Great Vowel Shift For the distinction between, / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. ![]() ![]() For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
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